SAE steel grades. The SAE steel grades system is a standard alloy numbering system (SAE J1086 - Numbering Metals and Alloys) for steel grades maintained by SAE International . In the 1930s and 1940s, the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and SAE were both involved in efforts to standardize such a numbering system for steels.
Surface irradiation of AISI 301 with ultra-short linearly polarized pulses between 247 fs and 7 ps resulted in laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Scanning electron microscope micrographs taken after the laser treatment show the formation of sub-micrometer sized arrays of nearly parallel ripples slightly differing from …